국제무예학회 학술지영문홈페이지
[ Article ]
International Journal of Martial Arts - Vol. 6, pp.1-14
ISSN: 2287-8599 (Online)
Online publication date 24 Feb 2020
Received 27 Nov 2019 Accepted 14 Feb 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51222/injoma.2020.11.6.1

Influence of Training Satisfaction on Acculturative Stress and Life Satisfaction: Taekwondo Trainees in the U.S. Army in the Republic of Korea

Dongchan Kim ; Sungkyun Choa
aGraduate of school physical education, Kyunghee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do

Abstract

Objective

This study was conducted to determine the capacity of taekwondo as a leisure activity to reduce the acculturative stress of U.S. soldiers stationed in the Republic of Korea (ROK; South Korea) and to improve their working efficiency. An additional, goal was to determine whether taekwondo was an appropriate activity for the Korean head-start program by investigating its effectiveness in minimizing U.S. soldiers’ acculturative stress and maximizing their life satisfaction in South Korea.

Methods

To achieve those goals, the researchers surveyed 200 U.S. soldiers while they were stationed in South Korea, using convenience sampling. Among the collected questionnaires, the researchers discarded 23 with unusable or corrupted responses, leaving 177 questionnaires for data analysis. To acquire the results, frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multi-regression analyses were performed using SPSS ver. 23 and AMOS 21.0.

Results

The results indicate that taekwondo training satisfaction is a negative predictor of acculturative stress and a positive predictor of life satisfaction, and that acculturative stress is a negative predictor of life satisfaction.

Conclusion

The findings are discussed in light of previous works, along with ways to improve the taekwondo program as a leisure activity to reduce acculturative stress.

Keywords:

Taekwondo, leisure, training satisfaction, acculturative stress, life satisfaction, U.S. soldier

References

  • Baik, S. A., & Lim. T. S. (2015). Adaptation of foreign migrant workers to the Korean society through Taekwondo. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 54(5), 705-716 Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE0 7039668irect/?source=firstrun
  • Bae, S. H. (2010). The relationship between movement decision-making and practice satisfaction of private Judo club Judoka (Unpublished Master’s Degree Dissertation). Korea National Sport University, Seoul.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U. M. (2002). Intentional social action in virtual communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16, 2-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.10006 [https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.10006]
  • BBC News. (2017, August 17). North Korea profile-timeline. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15278612
  • Beard, J.G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33. doi:10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416 [https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416]
  • Becchetti, L., Ricca, E. G., & Pelloni, A. (2012). The relationship between social leisure and life satisfaction: Causality and policy implications. Social Indicators Research, 108, 453-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9887-5 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9887-5]
  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 46(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x]
  • Berry, J. W., & Hou, F. (2016). Immigrant acculturation and wellbeing in Canada. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 57(4), 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000064 [https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000064]
  • Berry J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. The International Migration Review, 21(3), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303 [https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303]
  • Cho, S. H. (2013). United States Forces Korea's (USFK) crisis communication strategies and crisis responses: The case of two Korean school girls' death. International Journal of Contents, 9(1), 98-103. doi:10.5392/IJoC.2013.9.1.098 [https://doi.org/10.5392/IJoC.2013.9.1.098]
  • Dennis, C. (2016 January 26). Soldiers learn Korean culture for deployment. U.S. Army. Retrieved from https://www.army.mil/article/161411/Soldiers_learn_Korean_, culture for_ deployment/.
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessmenz‘,49,71-75. Diener7149 Journal of Personality Assessment1985. [https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13]
  • Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplaces. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438-456.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.01.002 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.01.002]
  • Gómez, E., Urzúa, A., & Glass, C. R. (2014). International Student Adjustment to College: Social Networks, Acculturation, and Leisure. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 32(1), 7–25. Retrieved from https://access.hanyang.ac.kr/link.n2s?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=95740581&lang=ko&site=eds-live
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Han, D. (2016). From guardian angels to pests to Korean the United States Forces and their criminal acts in Korean society. Advances in Applied Sociology, 6(4), 159.doi:10.4236/aasoci.2016.64014 [https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2016.64014]
  • Ji, Y. (2003). The relationship between discipline satisfaction and interpersonal relations, sociability of adolescent’s martial arts participants (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Myongji University: Yongin.
  • Kim, H. S. (2010). Social integration and heath policy issues for international marriage migrant women in South Korea. Public health nursing, 27(6), 561-570.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2010.00883.x [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2010.00883.x]
  • Kang, S. M. (2015). A Research on the Development of Korean Head Start Program for USFK. Journal of Korean HRD Research, 10(4), 55-76. Retrieved from http://scholar.dkyobobook.co.kr/searchDetail.laf?barcode=4010024774652
  • Kang S.W. (2010). Multicultural education and the rights to education of migrant children in South Korea. Educational Review, 62(3), 287-300. doi:10.1080/00131911.2010.503599 [https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2010.503599]
  • Kim, J. (2012). Exploring the experience of intergroup contact and the value of recreation activities in facilitating positive intergroup interactions of immigrants. Leisure Sciences, 34(1), 72-87. doi:10.1080/01490400.2012.633856 [https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.633856]
  • Kim, J., Chun, S., Heo, J., Lee, S., & Han, A. (2016). Contribution of leisure-time physical activity on psychological benefits among elderly immigrants. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(2), 461-470. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9374-7]
  • Kim, J., Dattilo, J., & Heo, J. (2011). Taekwondo participation as serious leisure for life satisfaction and health. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 549-559. doi:10.1080/00222216.2011.11950249 [https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950249]
  • Kim, J., Park, S. H., Malonebeach, E., & Heo, J. (2016). Migrating to the East a qualitative investigation of acculturation and leisure activities. Leisure Studies, 35(4), 421-437. doi:10.1080/02614367.2015.1014929 [https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1014929]
  • Kim, M. S. (2000). Life satisfaction, acculturation, and leisure participation among older urban Korean immigrants. World Leisure Journal, 42(2), 28-40. doi:10.1080/04419057.2000.9674184 [https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2000.9674184]
  • Korea Immigration Service. (2017). Statistics annual report 2016. Korea Immigration Service. Available at www.immigration.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_003/ListShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0096 &strWrtNo=130&strAnsNo=A&strOrgGbnCd=104000&strRtnURL=IMM_6050&st rAllOrgYn=N&strThisPage=1&strFilePath=imm/
  • Kyoung, S. W. (2010). Effective of acculturative stress on depression and drinking problems among Chinese students in Korea (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Cheongju University, Cheongju.
  • Lee, M. Y., Jeon, M. W., & Ra, J. H. (2014). A study on the foreign worker’s adaptation to Korean culture through Taekwondo training. Journal of Korean Physical Education Association for Girls and Women, 23(2), 113-129. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE02481099
  • Lee, S. W. (2013). The effect of Judo gym service quality on adult trainee’s satisfaction and loyalty (Unpublished Master’s dissertation). Yongin University, Yongin.
  • Lee, J. (1992). The contribution of participation in sports & exercise programs to life satisfaction of adults (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul National University, Seoul.
  • Lee, S. K., Sobal, J., & Frongillo, E. A. (2000). Acculturation and health in Korean Americans. Social science & medicine, 51(2), 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00446-3 [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00446-3]
  • Lenneis, V., & Pfister, G. (2017). Too tired for exercise: The work and leisure of female cleaners in Denmark. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 530-541. doi:10.1080/02614367.2016.1216579 [https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1216579]
  • Li, M. Z., & Stodolska, M. (2006). Transnationalism, leisure, and Chinese graduate students in the United States. Leisure Sciences, 28(1), 39-55. doi:10.1080/01490400500332686 [https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400500332686]
  • Ministry of National Defense. (n.d.). Korea and U.S. ally overview. . Retrieved from http://www.mnd.go.kr/mbshome/mbs/mnd/subview.jsp?id=mnd_01070101000
  • Nam, J. S. (2013). Reasonable revision of Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) for the control of the United States Forces Korea crimes. The Police Science Journal, 8(2), 357-383.Retrieved from http://www.earticle.net/article.aspx?sn=211728 [https://doi.org/10.16961/polips.2013.8.2.355]
  • Odom, K. (2016). Combating the suicide epidemic: The effects of leisure engagement on the incidence of depression and poor life satisfaction in soldiers. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 32(1), 70-85. doi:10.1080/0164212X.2015.1082172 [https://doi.org/10.1080/0164212X.2015.1082172]
  • Park, K. K., & Lim, Y. K. (2000). A study of causal model between social stress, the incidence of crime and accidents. The Journal of Social Science, 19, 81-97. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01171075
  • Ryu W. S., Kim M. J., & Lee C. W. (2016). Acculturation and leisure benefits in Korean students returning from the United States. Social Behavior and Personality, 44(5), 751-760.https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.5.751 [https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.5.751]
  • Sa, J., Seo, D.C., Nelson, T.F., & Lohrmann, D.K. (2013). Cigarette smoking among Korean international college students in the United States. Journal of American College Health, 61, 454-467. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.832253 [https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.832253]
  • Sandhu, D. S., & Asrabadi, B. R. (1991). An assessment of psychological needs of international students: implications for counselling and psychotherapy. The Annual Convention of the American Association for Counselling and Development, 1-25. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED350550
  • Shin, G. W. (2006). Ethnic nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, politics, and legacy. Stanford University Press.
  • South China Morning Post. (2017, July 30). Life on base: United States nears completion of US$11 billion Camp Humphreys military base in South Korea as threat from the North intensifies. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2104641/life-base-united-states-nears-completion-us11-billion-military
  • Stenseng, F., & Phelps, J. (2013). Leisure and life satisfaction: the role of passion and life domain outcomes. World Leisure Journal, 55(4), 320-332. [https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2013.836558]
  • Stodolska, M., & Alexandris, K. (2004). The role of recreational sport in the adaptation of first generation immigrants in the United States. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(3), 379-413. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950029]
  • Tanghe, S. (2016). Promoting critical racial awareness in teacher education in Korea: reflections on a racial discrimination simulation activity. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17(2), 203-215. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9424-y]
  • Tirone, S., & Pedlar, A. (2005). Leisure, place, and diversity: The experiences of ethnic minority youth. Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 37(2), 32-49. Retrieved from https://access.hanyang.ac.kr/link.n2s?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=t rue&db=a9h&AN=19471234&lang=ko&site=eds-live
  • Whyte, L. (2015). Evolution of the US-ROK Alliance: Anti-Americanism. The Diplomat.
  • Yoon, A. (2010). A study on the necessity and direction of Korean cultural education for USFK. Academic association of global cultural contents, 6, 41-62. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01545817#