국제무예학회 학술지영문홈페이지
[ Article ]
International Journal of Martial Arts - Vol. 4, pp.1-12
ISSN: 2287-8599 (Online)
Online publication date 27 Apr 2018
Received 18 Nov 2017 Accepted 02 Jan 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51222/injoma.2018.04.4.1

Grit and Children’s Taekwondo Performance

Sawyer, Thomas P.a ; Hollis Sawyer, Lisab, * ; Wade, Jamesc
aDepartment of Psychology, Elmhurst College , IL, USA, USA
bDepartment of Psychology , Northeastern Illinois University , Chicago, IL, USA
cATA Karate for Kids of Franklin Park, IL, USA, USA

Correspondence to: * l-hollissawyer@neiu.edu (Hollis-Sawyer, Lisa)

Abstract

The present research examined psychological grit and sports related performance outcomes with n = 102 taekwondo students and their parents. The focus of the study was to evaluate how psychological grit relates to taekwondo students’ practice and assessment (i.e., testing and competition) outcomes. The r esults of the study were predominantly supportive of the hypotheses. “Instructor rated” grit was significantly related to students’ testing performance, tournament attendance, and attrition while “parent rated” grit was only significantly related to studen ts’ testing performance. Possible reasons for the differences between the sources are discussed, such as the possibility that the two rater sources may have utilized different observational opportunities. Implications of the findings on the significance of grit are discussed including the creation of adaptive instructional techniques and curriculum in response to students’ level of grit.

Keywords:

Grit, Taekwondo, Motivation, Persistence, Goal setting

References

  • Bell, C. (2008). Asian martial arts and resiliency. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 1 (2), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/17570980200800016 [https://doi.org/10.1108/17570980200800016]
  • Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015). School readiness and self-regulation: A developmental psychobiological approach. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 711 731. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221]
  • Bowman, N. A., Hill, P. L., Denson, N., & Bronkema, R. (2015). Keep on truckin' or stay the course? Exploring grit dimensions as differential predictors of educational achievement, satisfaction, and intentions. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 639-645. doi:10.1177/1948550615574300 [https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615574300]
  • Cook, T. (2015). After the match: Grit will see you through. Emergency Medicine News, 37, 13. doi:10.1097/01.EEM.0000469326.99883.50 [https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EEM.0000469326.99883.50]
  • de Beer, M., & van Heerden, A. (2017). The psychological coping, learning potential and career preferences profiles of operational force military candidates. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27 (1), 33-40. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2016.1250427]
  • Diamond, A. (2012). Activities and programs that improve children’s executive functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21 (5), 335 341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412453722 [https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412453722]
  • Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333 , 959-964. doi:10.1126/ science.1204529 [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529]
  • Donohue, J. J. (2005). Modern educational theories and traditional Japanese martial arts training methods. Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 14(2), 8-29.
  • Duckworth, A. L. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance. New York: Scribner.
  • Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087 [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087]
  • Fong, S. S. M, Fu, S., & Ng, G. Y. F. (2012). Taekwondo training speeds up the development of balance and sensory functions in young adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15, 64-68. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.001 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.001]
  • Frydenberg, E. (2017). Positive psychology, mindset, grit, hardiness, and emotional intelligence and the construct of resilience: A good fit with coping. In Coping and the challenge of resilience (pp. 13-28). Palgrave Macmillan UK. [https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56924-0_2]
  • Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002). The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54(12), 1793–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00150-2 [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00150-2]
  • Hewitt, J. K., Silberg, J. L., Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., & Erickson, M. (1992). The analysis of parental ratings of children's behavior using LISREL. Behavior Genetics, 22(3), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066663 [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066663]
  • Hobden, S., & Hobden, P. (2015). A study of the transition pathways of school level scholarship recipients into work and tertiary education. South African Journal of Education, 35(3), 1-10. doi: 10.15700/SAJE.V35N3A1054 [https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v35n3a1054]
  • Kaplan, T. L., & Koval, R. (2015). Grit to great: How perseverance, passion, and pluck take you from ordinary to extraordinary. New York, NY: Crown/Penguin Random House Publishing.
  • Kinniburgh, K. J., Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). Attachment, self-regulation, and competency: A comprehensive intervention framework for children with complex trauma. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 424-430. doi: 10.3928/00485713-20050501-08 [https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20050501-08]
  • Lakes, K. D., & Hoyt, William, W. T. (2004). Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial arts training. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 283-302. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.002 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.002]
  • Law, D. R. (2004). A choice theory perspective on children's taekwondo. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 24(1), 13-18.
  • Maddi, S. R., Matthews, M. D., Kelly, D. R., Villarreal, B., & White, M. (2012). The role of hardiness and grit in predicting performance and retention of USMA cadets. Military Psychology, 24(1), 19-28. doi: 10.1080/08995605.2012.639672 [https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2012.639672]
  • Mayol, M., Ransford, B., Colliver, R., Dobersek, U., Lee, E. K., & Beekley, M. (2016). Investigating future plans for sport involvement, grit levels and motivation sources in college athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48, 44. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000485143.92453.eb [https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485143.92453.eb]
  • McCarthy, C. (2017). Encourage students to develop the resilience and grit needed for success. Student Affairs Today, 19(10), 1-5. doi: 10.1002/say.30286 [https://doi.org/10.1002/say.30286]
  • Perkins-Gough, D. (2013). The significance of grit: A conversation with Angela Lee Duckworth. Educational Leadership, 71(1), 14-20.
  • Richman, C. L., & Rehberg, H. (1986). The development of self-esteem through the martial arts. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17(3), 234-239. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc2&NEWS=N& AN=1987-34108-001.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2007). The optimistic child: A proven program to safeguard children against depression and build lifelong resilience. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Silvia, P. J., Eddington, K. M., Beaty, R. E., Nusbaum, E. C., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). Gritty people try harder: Grit and effort-related cardiac autonomic activity during an active coping challenge. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88(2), 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.007 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.007]
  • Suzuk, Y., Tamesue, D., Asahi, K., & Ishikawa, Y. (2015). Grit and work engagement: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 10(9) Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ ovidweb.cgi?T -=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc12&NEWS=N&AN=2015-49331-001 [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137501]
  • Theeboom, M., De Knop, P., & Vertonghen, J. (2009). Experiences of children in martial arts. European Journal for Sport and Society, 6(1), 19-35. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc6&NEWS=N&AN=2013-18902-003 [https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2009.11687825]
  • Theeboom, M., De Knop, P., & Weiss, M. R. (1995). Motivational climate, psychological responses, and motor skill development in children’s sport: A field-based intervention study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(3), 294-311. doi: 10.1123/-jsep.17.3.294 [https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.3.294]
  • Vainio, M. M., & Daukantaite, D. (2015). Grit and different aspects of well-being: Direct and indirect relationships via sense of coherence and authenticity. Journal of Happiness Studies. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9688-7 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9688-7]
  • Villanova, P., Bernardin, H. J., Dahmus, S. A., & Sims, R. L. (1993). Rater leniency and performance appraisal discomfort. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(3), 789-799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053003023 [https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053003023]
  • Wang, A. Y., & Richarde, R. S. (1988). Global versus task-specific measures of self-efficacy. The Psychological Record, 38(4), 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395045 [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395045]
  • Weir, K. (2017). Maximizing children’s resilience. Monitor on Psychology, 48(8), 40-46.
  • Weisskirch, R. S. (2016). Grit, self-esteem, learning strategies and attitudes and estimated and achieved course grades among college students. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9485-4 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9485-4]
  • Wolters, C. A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Investigating grit and its relations with college students' self-regulated learning and academic achievement. Metacognition and Learning, 10, 293-311. doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9]